Introduction      1
Sherwin K. Bryant, Ben Vinson III, and Rachel Sarah O'Toole

Part 1. Complicating Identity in the African Diaspora to Spanish America
1. The Shape of a Diaspora: The Movement of Afro-Iberians to Colonial Spanish America      27
Leo J. Garofalo
2. African Diasporic Ethnicity in Mexico City to 1650      50
Frank "Trey" Proctor III
3. To Be Free and Lucumi: Ana de la Calle and Making African Diaspora Identities in Colonial Peru      73
Rachel Sarah O'Toole

Part 2. Royal Subjects, Loyal Christians, and Saints in the Alley
4. Between the Cross and the Sword: Religious Conquest and Maroon Legitimacy in Colonial Esmeraldas      95
Charles Beatty-Medina
5. Afro-Mexican Saintly Devotion in a Mexico City Alley      114
Joan C. Bristol
6. "The Lord walks among the pots and pans": Religious Servants of Colonial Lima      136
Nancy E. van Deusen

Part 3. Comparisons and Whitening Revisited: Race and Gender in Colonial Cuba
7. Whitening Revisited: Nineteenth-Century Cuban Counterpoints      163
Karen Y. Morrison
8. Tensions of Race, Gender, and Midwifery in Colonial Cuba      186
Michele Reid-Vazquez
9. The African American Experience in Comparative Perspective: The Current Question of the Debate      206
Herbert S. Klein

Glossary      223
Bibliography      229
List of Contributors      263
Acknowledgments      268
Index      269

Africans to Spanish America

Expanding the Diaspora