Introduction

Scotland: An Indomitable Land
Inventing a Nation
Scottish Visions of Rome
Rediscovering Roman Scotland

Chapter 1: Imagining a Classical Caledonia: Sir Robert Sibbald's Vision of Scotland's Roman Past

Education, Achievements and Antiquarianism
Sibbald's Vision of Roman Scotland
Sources and Methodology
Influences on Sibbald's Roman Scotland
Sibbald's Antiquarian Reputation and Legacy

Chapter 2: Walled Out of Humanity: Sir John Clerk and his Circle

Early Life and Grand Tour
Ancient Rome and Modern Union
Antiquarian and Patron
Clerk's Response to Roman Scotland
A Mission to Classicise Scotland

Chapter 3: Resisting the 'Conquerors of the Universe': Celebrating the Caledonian Rejection of Rome

Unconquered Caledonia in Anti-Union Rhetoric
Scotland's Rejection of Rome in Early Eighteenth-Century Historiography
Caledonian Indomitability in Literary Verse
English Attitudes Towards Caledonian Liberty

Chapter 4: 'Beyond the Vallum': English Interpretations of Scottish History

William Stukeley, Antiquarianism and Rome
Stukeley's Roman Scotland
Stukeley's Sources and Influences
John Horsley and his Britannia Romana
Roman Scotland as Portrayed in Britannia Romana
The Reputations and Influence of Stukeley and Horsley
Other English Views of Roman Scotland

Chapter 5: 'Monuments and Delights of the Arts': Rediscovering the Material Remains of Rome in Scotland

Discovery and Excavation
Private Collections of Roman Antiquities
Institutional Collections
Scotland's Roman Inscriptions
The Artistic Merits of Scotland's Roman Stones
Misunderstanding and Misrepresentation of Material Remains
Antiquarian Interpretations of Scotland's Roman Monuments

Chapter 6: Reconquering the Highlands: Hanoverian Interpretations of Roman Scotland

Hanoverian 'Romans' versus Highland 'Caledonians'
General Robert Melville and the Rediscovery of Agricola's Campaigns
The Genesis of William Roy's Military Antiquities of the Romans in Britain
Roy's Interpretation of Scotland's Roman Heritage
Alexander Shand and his 'Esteemed Discoveries of the Greatest Importance'
Roman Scotland as British History

Chapter 7: The Age of 'Agricolamania': Early Modern Uses and Abuses of Tacitus' Agricola

The Rediscovery and Early Reception of Tacitus' Agricola
Agricola the Hero
Agricola the Enemy
Agricolamania

Chapter 8: Forging a Nation: The Spurious Histories of Charles Bertram and James Macpherson

Charles Bertram and the De Situ Britanniae
The De Situ Britanniae and Roman Scotland
James Macpherson and the Ossian
Rome Versus Caledonia in the Poems of Ossian
Filling the Void: The Motivations of Bertram and Macpherson

Chapter 9: After Ossian: Changing Interpretations of Roman Scotland

Later Eighteenth-Century Romanist Antiquarianism
Regional Antiquarianism
The Influence of Ossian
New Approaches to Scottish History
Changing Visions of Scotland

Conclusion

Nineteenth-Century Approaches to Roman England
Classical Caledonia: A Study in Historical Failure
Modern Attitudes to Patriotic Scottish History

Classical Caledonia

Roman History and Myth in Eighteenth-Century Scotland