Preface xi
List of Acronyms xv
List of Figures xix
List of Tables xxiii

Chapter 1. Challenges Involving Cybersecurity and Traceability in Factory 4.0 1
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. Traceability challenges in Factory 4.0 3
1.2.1. The volume of data 3
1.2.2. Transparency 4
1.2.3. The contribution of blockchain 5
1.3. Plant overview 6
1.3.1. Definition of perimeters 6
1.3.2. Interactions between perimeters 7
1.3.3. Network perimeters in the factory 7
1.3.4. Access controls and perimeter monitoring 9
1.4. Overview of cybersecurity in Industry 4.0 9
1.5. Vulnerabilities, risks and threats in Industry 4.0 12
1.5.1. Definitions 12
1.5.2. Business impacts 14
1.5.3. Major cybersecurity threats in Industry 4.0 14
1.5.4. Vulnerabilities, risks and threats by perimeter 17
1.6. Review of cybersecurity solutions 21
1.6.1. Definitions 21
1.6.2. Cybersecurity countermeasures 23
1.6.3. Proposals for cybersecurity solutions in the literature 24
1.6.4. Honeypots and digital twins 39
1.7. Summary of good technical practices in cybersecurity 43
1.7.1. Trust and integrity 43
1.7.2. Cloud security 48
1.7.3. Machine-to-machine safety 48
1.7.4. Data protection 48
1.7.5. Software/firmware updates 49
1.7.6. Access control 49
1.7.7. Networks, protocols and encryption 49
1.7.8. Monitoring and auditing 50
1.7.9. Configuration management 50
1.8. Industry 4.0, cybersecurity and traceability outlines 50
1.9. References 52

Chapter 2. Global Approach to Traceability for Factory 4.0 57
2.1. Basic principles 57
2.1.1. Chain traceability 58
2.1.2. Internal traceability 59
2.1.3. Examples of internal traceability 59
2.1.4. Downstream and upstream traceability 61
2.1.5. Identification formats 62
2.1.6. Data collection 64
2.1.7. Traceability challenges and significance 65
2.2. Implementation principles 66
2.2.1. Object flow formalization 67
2.2.2. Identification 67
2.2.3. Link/association management 69
2.3. Regulations, laws and standards 70
2.3.1. General regulation 70
2.3.2. Automotive industry regulation 72
2.3.3. Regulation of food and pharmaceutical industries 74
2.4. Status of traceability research 80
2.4.1. Terminology and definitions 80
2.4.2. Traceability data 81
2.5. Product-oriented traceability state-of-the-art 82
2.5.1. Research on product-oriented traceability 82
2.5.2. Technological innovations in traceability systems 83
2.6. Proposal for an approach to traceability for Factory 4.0 87
2.6.1. Product perspective 88
2.6.2. Traceability data characterization 89
2.6.3. Challenges of the approach 90
2.7. Summary of the strengths and weaknesses of the contribution 91
2.8. References 93

Chapter 3. Blockchain Integration in Traceability for Factory 4.0 97
3.1. Blockchain paradigm presentation 97
3.1.1. Blockchain 99
3.1.2. Blockchain network 99
3.1.3. Node 99
3.1.4. Block 99
3.1.5. Transaction 100
3.1.6. Consensus algorithm 100
3.1.7. Smart contract 100
3.1.8. Types of implementations and environments 100
3.1.9. Examples of consensus algorithms 101
3.2. MultiChain blockchain platform 103
3.2.1. Features 103
3.2.2. Main parameters 104
3.2.3. MultiChain JSON API 105
3.2.4. Comparison with other blockchain solutions 105
3.3. State of blockchain research for Industry 4.0 118
3.4. Our approach to blockchain for traceability in Factory 4.0 120
3.4.1. Target objectives and guarantees 120
3.4.2. Architecture overview 122
3.4.3. Data management 124
3.4.4. Privacy management 125
3.4.5. Non-repudiation management 126
3.5. Functional description of the BPCAT MultiChain implementation 127
3.5.1. Network architecture and stakeholder representation 128
3.5.2. Blockchain and storage management 129
3.5.3. Raw traceability data management 130
3.5.4. Privacy guaranty 131
3.5.5. File management 133
3.5.6. Data signing 134
3.5.7. Data integrity verification 136
3.6. Technical challenges to be addressed and proposed solutions 138
3.6.1. Mining and energy consumption 138
3.6.2. Storage volume optimization 138
3.7. BPCAT MultiChain implementation technical description 144
3.7.1. Node configuration and deployment 145
3.7.2. Blockchain initialization 148
3.7.3. Data pre-loading 149
3.8. Measurements, performance and benchmark 150
3.8.1. Measurement retrieval 150
3.8.2. Client application measurement reading 151
3.8.3. Benchmark operating principle 152
3.9. Summary of the strengths and weaknesses of the contribution 153
3.10. References 156

Chapter 4. Impact Assessment of Blockchain on Factory 4.0 159
4.1. State-of-the-art evaluation of factory systems and blockchain 159
4.2. Theoretical foundations of simulation 162
4.2.1. Definitions 162
4.2.2. Model classes 163
4.2.3. Specification hierarchy 164
4.2.4. Modeling formalisms 164
4.3. Introducing ARTIS*: a DEVS C++ 11 library 165
4.3.1. Atomic model 165
4.3.2. Coupled model 171
4.3.3. Constructor and parameters 171
4.4. Requirements specification for the proposed evaluation 174
4.5. Functional presentation of the simulation model 176
4.5.1. At plant level 176
4.5.2. At line level 177
4.6. Factory 4.0 simulator technical presentation with ARTIS* 179
4.6.1. Architecture 179
4.6.2. Scenario generator 180
4.6.3. Scenario parameterization 183
4.7. Presentation of simulated scenarios 191
4.7.1. Used storage space evaluation 191
4.7.2. Energy consumption assessment 197
4.7.3. Carbon (Co2) emissions evaluation 206
4.8. Summary of the strengths and weaknesses of the contribution 211
4.9. References 212

Chapter 5. Digitalization-Centered Perspectives for Factory 4.0 215
5.1. Toward a safer and more secure digitalization of factories 215
5.1.3. Perspectives 217
5.2. Toward more dynamic management using digital twins 217
5.2.1. Contributions of the book to the evaluation of blockchain projects 217
5.2.2. Prospects 218
5.3. Toward digitalization while ensuring factory resilience 218
5.3.1. Assessment of the state of factory resilience to cope with digitalization 219
5.3.2. Prospects 220
5.4. References 221

List of Authors 223
Index 225

Cybersecurity and Traceability in Factory 4.0

Blockchain Assets