List of Figures ix

List of Tables xi

Foreword xiii

Acknowledgement xv

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Introduction to the Book 1

1.2 The Main Areas and Themes Covered in the Book 1

1.3 Research Sources 7

2 Surveying Existing Buildings 9

2.1 Introduction 9

2.2 A Background to Conducting Building Surveys 10

2.3 The Process of Undertaking Building Survey 11

2.4 Challenges and Obstacles When Undertaking Building Surveys 17

2.5 The Importance of Building Investigations 19

2.6 Managing the Remedial Work Process 21

2.7 Summary 23

3 Common Maintenance Issues and Managing Defects 25

3.1 Introduction 25

3.2 Exploring the Pathology of Building Maintenance Issues 26

3.3 Context to the Discussion on Building Defects 27

3.4 The Importance of Understanding the Nature and Effect of Agents That Can Lead to Building Defects 31

3.5 Dilemmas Associated with Repair or Renewal Decisions 33

3.6 Managing the Remedial Works Process to Address Maintenance Issues and Defects 35

3.7 Measures to Mitigate and Prevent Defects 37

3.8 Summary 39

Reference 41

4 Maintenance Management and Performance Measurement as Part of Private Financing Initiative (PFI) Schemes 43

4.1 Introduction 43

4.2 Definitions and Concepts of Facilities Management 44

4.3 Background to the Discussion on Performance Measurement (PM) of Facilities Management and Maintenance in the Healthcare Sector 45

4.4 The Advantages and Disadvantages of PFI Ventures in a Facilities Management Context 53

4.5 Quality Improvements in Maintenance Management Brought about through Performance Measurement 53

4.6 Financial and Non-financial Measurements 55

4.7 Performance Management 56

4.8 The Challenges for Performance Measurement 56

4.9 Payment Mechanisms as Part of PFI Contracts 59

4.10 Performance Monitoring Tools 60

4.11 The Importance of the Helpdesk for the Success of Maintenance and Facilities Management Services in PFI Initiatives 68

4.12 The Performance Monitoring Process 68

4.13 Key Issues Arising for Performance Management as Part of a Maintenance Management and FM Tool on PFI Schemes 72

4.14 Conclusions and Reflections 72

Acknowledgement 73

References 73

Further Reading 80

5 Procurement and Contracting for Maintenance and Refurbishment Works 87

5.1 Introduction 87

5.2 Rationale for Procurement of Maintenance Interventions 87

5.3 The Procurement Process 88

5.4 Project Initiation 90

5.5 Procurement Strategy 92

5.6 Client Brief 93

5.7 Procurement Route 94

5.7.1 Categorisation of Procurement Routes and Pricing Mechanisms 94

5.7.2 Pricing Mechanism 97

5.7.3 Procurement Routes 100

5.8 Contract Arrangements 109

5.8.1 The Joint Contracts Tribunal (JCT) Suite of Contracts 110

5.8.2 The New Engineering Contract (NEC) Suite of Contracts 111

5.8.3 The ACA PPC 2000 Form of Contract 115

5.9 Summary 120

References 120

6 Financial Management: Capital Costs 123

6.1 Introduction 123

6.2 Project Appraisal and Developing the Business Case 124

6.2.1 Optional Appraisal 126

6.3 Order of Cost Estimate 127

6.3.1 Developing the Order of Cost Estimate 127

6.3.2 Developing the Order of Cost Estimate Using the Functional Unit Method 129

6.3.3 Developing the Order of Cost Estimate Using the Floor Area Method 130

6.3.4 Developing the Order of Cost Estimate Using the Elemental Method 134

6.4 Cost Planning 137

6.4.1 Preparing the Cost Plan 140

6.4.2 Formal Cost Plan 1 147

6.4.3 Formal Cost Plan 2 155

6.4.4 Formal Cost Plan 3 157

6.5 Summary 158

References 159

7 Financial Management: Life Cycle Costing 161

7.1 Introduction 161

7.2 Forecasting Financial Impacts of Building Maintenance 162

7.3 Defining Life Cycle Costing 165

7.4 Challenges Associated with Life Cycle Prediction 167

7.4.1 Benefits of LCC 170

7.5 Undertaking Life Cycle Costing 170

7.5.1 Time Value of Money 170

7.5.2 Determining the Time Period of Appraisal 181

7.5.3 Component Life Considerations 185

7.5.4 Discount Rate, Interest Rate and Inflation 186

7.5.5 Building In-Use Considerations 189

7.5.6 Life Cycle Costing - Applications through the Building Life Cycle 190

7.5.7 Developing a Life Cycle Cost Plan 191

7.6 Example Life Cycle Cost Models 194

7.7 Summary 197

References 198

8 Sustainable Maintenance Management 201

8.1 Introduction 201

8.2 Sustainable Maintenance Management 201

8.3 Circular Economy 203

8.4 Carbon Neutrality 204

8.5 Retrofitting 207

8.6 BREEAM 210

8.7 Corporate Social Responsibility 212

8.8 Sustainable Development Goals 214

8.9 Conclusion 216

Reference 216

9 Risk Management 217

9.1 Introduction 217

9.2 What Is Risk? 217

9.3 The Nature of Risk 219

9.4 Risk in the Built Environment 220

9.5 Risk in Asset Management and Maintenance 224

9.6 What Is Risk Management? 224

9.7 The Nature of Risk Management 228

9.8 Risk Management in Asset Management and Maintenance 228

9.9 How Is Risk Classified? 232

9.10 Risk Events in Building Maintenance and Asset Management 233

9.11 The Consequences of Risk Events 235

9.12 Proactive and Reactive Risk Management 237

9.13 Procurement Risk 238

9.14 Why Risk Events Still Happen 239

9.15 Conclusion 240

References 240

10 Managing the Maintenance Process 243

10.1 Introduction 243

10.2 How to Manage Building Maintenance 243

10.3 Planning for Building Maintenance 244

10.4 Proactive Maintenance 244

10.5 Reactive Maintenance 245

10.6 Maintenance Schedules and Budgets 246

10.7 The Importance of a Programme 246

10.8 Site and Task Constraints 248

10.9 Health and Safety of Building Maintenance 249

10.9.1 Having Thorough Supply Chain Selection Methods in Place 250

10.9.2 Operating a Permit to Work System 250

10.9.3 Ensuring Inspections Are Carried Out for All Required Works 250

10.9.4 Ensuring the Risks Are Fully Understood 250

10.9.5 Being Up-to-Date with the Latest Guidance and Legislation 250

10.9.6 Having an Up to Date Training Matrix 251

10.10 Common Difficulties Encountered during Maintenance Works 251

10.11 Soft Landings 252

10.12 Operation and Maintenance Manuals 253

10.13 Building Information Modelling 254

10.14 Conclusion 255

11 Conclusion 257

About the Authors 261

Index 263

Introduction to Built Asset Management