Judicial Review of Fines in EU Competition Law

This doctoral thesis, delivered at the University of Fribourg, examines judicial review standard in view of future developments of competition law in EU and China. Part one of the thesis analyses fining problems arising from the EU Courts’ judicial review practice and proposes an appropriate standard of judicial review. Part two explores the EU Courts’ review of the facts, the fining guidelines in general and the factors for fixing the level of fines in practice. Part three proposes three steps for the EU to improve the enforcement of EU competition law and the judicial review thereof. With a focus on EU competition law, the present thesis further examines China’s practice in judicial review of fines and lessons to be learnt from the EU experience.