PROLOGUE. The Arab-Israeli Conflict in Historical Perspective: The Middle East and Palestine to 1517¿
Ancient Israel and Palestine to the Coming of Islam¿
Political Fragmentation and Rebellion to the Roman Period¿
Palestine under Roman and Byzantine Rule¿
The Arabs and the Spread of Islam¿
Islam and Its Relationship to Judaism and Christianity¿
Palestine under Muslim Rule to 1517¿
Chronology¿

1. OTTOMAN SOCIETY, PALESTINE, AND THE ORIGINS OF ZIONISM, 1516-1914¿
Commercial Relations and Military Decline, 1500-1800¿
Regional Strife, Imperial Interventions, and Ottoman Retraction, 1800-1914¿
Ottoman Society and European Inroads: Communal Tensions in an Age of Reform¿
Palestine in the Nineteenth Century¿
Changing Patterns: Trade, Land, Agriculture, and Population¿
Zionism: Its Origins and Development to 1914¿
The Jews of Western Europe¿
Eastern European Jewry and the Rise of Zionism¿
Theodor Herzl and the Zionist Movement to 1914¿
The Arab Response to Zionism¿
Ottoman Policies and Jewish Land Purchases¿
Growing Apprehension: Palestine and the Arab World¿
Conclusion¿
Questions for Consideration¿
Chronology¿
DOCUMENT 1.1 The Islahat Fermani [Hatti Humayoun] of February 44 1856¿
DOCUMENT 1.2¿Theodor Herzl, Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State)¿
DOCUMENT 1.3¿Naguib Azoury, From The Awakening of the Arab Nation, 1905¿

2. WORLD WAR I, GREAT BRITAIN, AND THE PEACE SETTLEMENTS: Deciding Palestine's Fate, 1914-1921¿
World War I: The Ottoman Empire and the European Powers¿
British Imperial Objectives¿
Britain, the Arabs, and the Husayn-McMahon Correspondence, 1915-1916¿
The Lure of an Arab Revolt¿
The Husayn-McMahon Correspondence: Defining the Terms¿
McMahon's Deception: The Roots of Arab Bitterness¿
Anglo-French Interests and the Sykes-Picot Agreement¿
Spheres of Control and Influence¿
British Evaluation of Their Commitments¿
Britain, Palestine, and the Balfour Declaration¿
Chaim Weizmann and British Politics¿
British War Aims and Palestine¿
Negotiating the Text¿
Goals versus Promises: The European Powers, Zionism, and the Arabs, 1917-1918¿
Reassuring Sharif Husayn¿
Syria and "Self-Determination"¿
Zionist-Arab Fears: The Faysal-Weizmann Agreement¿
The Peace Settlements and the Mandate System¿
Faysal and the British-French Struggle for Syriä
Wilson, the League of Nations, and the Mandate System¿
Postwar Crises and the Creation of Transjordan¿
Conclusion¿
Questions for Consideration¿
Chronology¿
DOCUMENT 2.1 The Husayn-McMahon Correspondence, July 1915-January 1916¿
DOCUMENT 2.2¿Drafts and Final Text of the Balfour Declaration¿
DOCUMENT 2.3¿The Faysal-Weizmann Agreement, January 3, 1919¿
DOCUMENT 2.4¿Resolutions of the General Syrian Congress, July 2 ,1919¿
DOCUMENT 2.5¿Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, January 1920¿
DOCUMENT 2.6¿The Mandate for Palestine, July 24, 1922¿

3. PALESTINE BETWEEN THE WARS: Zionism, the Palestinian Arabs, and the British Mandate, 1920-1939¿
The First Phase: Hopes Fulfilled and Dashed, 1918-1920¿
Political Leadership in Palestinian Arab and Zionist Communities¿
Palestinian Arabs and British Policies¿
Zionist Leadership in Palestine and Abroad¿
Jews and Arabs under the Mandate: The Clash of Conflicting Aspirations¿
The Land Question¿
The Conflict over the Western Wall, 1928-1929¿
Investigations and Retractions: The Passfield White Paper¿
European Crises and Their Repercussions: Yishuv Expansion and Arab Rebellion¿
The Arab Revolt: Its Roots and Impact on Palestine¿
Britain Rethinks Its Obligations: The 1939 White Paper¿
Palestine in British Strategy¿
Partition Foiled: The Woodhead Commission¿
The St. James Conference¿
The 1939 White Paper¿
Great Britain and Palestine on the Eve of World War II¿
Conclusion¿
Questions for Consideration¿
Chronology¿
DOCUMENT 3.1¿The Churchill White Paper, July 1, 1922¿
DOCUMENT 3.2¿Palestine Royal (Peel) Commission Report, July 1937¿
DOCUMENT 3.3¿The 1939 White Paper
¿
4. WORLD WAR II AND THE CREATION OF THE STATE OF ISRAEL, 1939-1949¿
Palestine, Zionism, and the War Effort, 1939-1945¿
World War II and the Middle East¿
Palestine: Jewish Immigration and the British Response¿
The Jewish Division and the Question of Jewish Military Capabilities¿
The Biltmore Conference and Its Consequences¿
The White Paper, Partition, and Britain's Place in the Middle East, 1942-1945¿
Jewish Terrorism, the Hagana, and the British, 1940-1945¿
Palestinian Arab Leadership and the Question of Arab Unity, 1939-1945¿
The End of the Mandate and the Creation of Israel, 1945-1949¿
The Middle East and Postwar Tensions: Origins of the Cold War¿
Anglo-American Perspectives on Palestine¿
Great Britain, the United States, and Zionism, July 1945-February 1947¿
UNSCOP and United Nations' Ratification of Partition, February-November 1947¿
The Battle for Palestine/Israel, December 1947-May 1948¿
The Arab-Israeli Wars and the Armistices, 1948-1949¿
Conclusion¿
Questions for Consideration¿
Chronology¿
DOCUMENT 4.1¿The "Final Solution": Nazi Extermination of European Jewry¿
DOCUMENT 4.2¿UNSCOP's Plan of Partition with Economic Union¿
DOCUMENT 4.3¿Jamal al-Husayni, Testimony on Palestinian Arab Reaction to the UNSCOP Proposals, September 29, 1947¿
DOCUMENT 4.4¿Rabbi Hillel Silver, Testimony on Zionist Reaction to the UNSCOP Proposals, October 2, 1947¿
DOCUMENT 4.5¿Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, May 14, 1948
¿
5. THE BEGINNING OF THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT: Regional Strife and Cold War Rivalries, 1949-1957¿
Israel, the Arab States, and the Palestinian/Israeli Arabs, 1949-1954¿
Israel: Government, Citizenship, and the Law¿
Israeli Arabs: Dispossession and Isolation¿
The Palestinian Refugees¿
The Western Allies, Israel, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict¿
Israeli Views of Arabs and the World¿
The Arab States: Domestic Turmoil and Regional Rivalries¿
The Cold War and the Middle East: Looking for Allies, 1953-1955¿
Containment and the Northern Tier Concept¿
The Baghdad Pact¿
Israel, the Lavon Affair, and the Gaza Raid¿
The Gaza Raid and the Czech Arms Deal¿
Israel and France Draw Closer¿
Border Clashes and Blockade of the Straits of Tiran¿
Countdown to Suez: Failed Diplomacy and Dreams of Empire, January-November 1956¿
Carrots and Sticks: Projects and Peace Proposals¿
Nasser Nationalizes the Canal¿
Invasion Plans Take Shape¿
The Attacks and Their Aftermath¿
Conclusion¿
Questions for Consideration¿
DOCUMENT 5.1¿ United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194 [Palestinian Refugee Question] - Progress Report of the United Nations Mediator, December 11, 1948 ¿
DOCUMENT 5.2¿Letter on the Position of the Palestinian Refugees, November 17, 1949¿
DOCUMENT 5.3¿Gamal Abd al-Nasser, Speech Justifying Nationalization of the Suez Canal Company, July 28, 1956¿
DOCUMENT 5.4¿Golda Meir, Speech to the United Nations General Assembly, March 1, 1957¿

6. FROM SUEZ TO THE SIX-DAY WAR, 1957-1967¿
The Struggle for Syria and the Creation of the United Arab Republic, 1957-1958¿
The United States, Syria, and the Cold War¿
The United Arab Republic: Context and Significance¿
Lebanon: Political Strife, Civil War, and Regional Crisis, 1957-1958¿
Maronite Catholics and Lebanese Political Alignments¿
Lebanon's Civil War and the Iraqi Revolution¿
The Arab World in American Perspective: The Cold War Context¿
Inter-Arab and Arab-Israeli Tensions, 1958-1964¿
Nasser Strives to Dominate Arab Politics¿
Water Wars: Israeli-Syrian Clashes and the Arab Response¿
The Palestine Question in Arab Politics: The Palestine Liberation Organization and al-Fatah¿
Israeli Politics to 1967¿
Great-Power Rivalries in the Middle East to 1967¿
The United States between Israel and the Arabs¿
Lyndon Johnson and Israel¿
The Soviet Union and the Arab World¿
The Crisis Escalates: Military Clashes, Misleading Assurances, and Failed Diplomacy¿
Syrian-Israeli Tensions and Threats¿
The Egyptian Blockade of the Tiran Straits¿
Israeli Debates: Eshkol and the Generals¿
Israel Attacks: U.S. Assurances and the Pending Egyptian Peace Initiative¿
The Six-Day War: Israel's Conquests and American Expectations¿
Conclusion¿
Questions for Consideration¿
Chronology¿
DOCUMENT 6.1¿Communiqué No. 1 from Headquarters of Asifa Forces (Fatah), January 6, 1965¿
DOCUMENT 6.2¿Gamal Abd al-Nasser, Speech to Members of the Egyptian National Assembly, May 29, 1967¿
DOCUMENT 6.3¿Abba Eban, Speech to the U.N. Security Council on Israel's Reasons for Going to War, June 6, 1967¿

7. LAND, WAR, AND DIPLOMACY: Shifting Calculations in a Cold War Context, 1967-1976¿
The Search for Negotiating Leverage, 1967-1971¿
The Khartoum Conference¿
Deliberate Ambiguity: Security Council Resolution 242¿
Palestinian Agendas and Their Regional Repercussions¿
Jordan and the Palestinians¿
Palestinian Factions and the PLO¿
Lebanon, the Palestinians, and Israel¿
Wars of Attrition and Cold War Diplomacy: The Rogers Plan¿
Competing Agendas: Nixon Administration Rivalries and Middle East Policy¿
Globalism vs. Regionalism under Nixon: Analysis¿
Jordan and the Palestinians, August-September 1970¿
The Jordanian Crisis: Regional and International Repercussions¿
The 1973 War and Its Consequences¿
The Arabs: Seeking Responses to Signals¿
Israel and the Politics of Expansion: The Galili Document¿
The 1973 War: The Chance for Diplomacy¿
Tactics and Ultimate Intentions: The PLO and Israel, 1973-1977¿
Conclusion¿
Questions for Consideration¿
Chronology¿
DOCUMENT 7.1¿U.N. Security Council Resolution 242, November 22, 1967¿
DOCUMENT 7.2¿The Palestinian National Charter: Resolutions of the Palestine National Council, July 1-17, 1968; PLO Resolution on Security Council Resolution 242, June 1974¿
DOCUMENT 7.3¿U.N. Security Council Resolution 338, October 22, 1973¿
DOCUMENT 7.4¿Yasir Arafat, Address to the U.N. General Assembly, November 13, 1974¿
DOCUMENT 7.5¿Yosef Tekoah, Response to Arafat's Address, November 13, 1974¿

8. LEBANON, THE WEST BANK, AND THE CAMP DAVID ACCORDS: The Palestinian Equation in the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1977-1984¿
The Lebanese Civil War and Its Aftermath, 1975-1978¿
Roots of the Lebanese Conflict¿
Arab Factions and Alignments vis-à-vis Syria and Israel¿
U.S. Diplomacy amid Regional Strife¿
The Carter Administration and Camp David, January 1977-September 1978¿
Carter's Failed Attempts to Restructure Negotiating Parameters¿
The Road to Camp David, November 1977-September 1978¿
Camp David Exchanges: The West Bank and the Gaza Strip¿
The Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty: The Carter Legacy¿
The Reagan Administration and the Arab-Israeli Conflict¿
The Anticommunist Crusade: The Middle East in Global Perspective¿
West Bank and Israeli Arabs between Jordan and Israel, 1948-1977¿
Sharon's Vision: Israel, Israeli Arabs, and the West Bank, 1977-1982¿
Begin and the West Bank after Camp David¿
Lebanon: The Struggle for Hegemony¿
The Phalange-Likud Alliance¿
American Diplomacy and Its Impact¿
The Israeli Invasion of Lebanon, August 1981-September 1982¿
America's Lebanon Policy, September 1982-February 1984¿
Lebanon Postscript, 1984-1991: The Taif Accord and Hizbollah¿
Conclusion¿
Questions for Consideration¿
Chronology¿
DOCUMENT 8.1¿Platform of the Likud Coalition, March 1977¿
DOCUMENT 8.2¿Anwar al-Sadat, Speech to the Israeli Knesset, November 20, 1977¿
DOCUMENT 8.3¿Menachem Begin, Reply to President Sadat, November 20, 1977¿
DOCUMENT 8.4¿A Framework for Peace in the Middle East Agreed at Camp David, September 17, 1978
¿
9. FROM PARIAH TO PARTNER: The PLO and the Quest for Peace in Global and Regional Contexts, 1984-1993¿
Peace Gambits, Terrorism, and Political Strife, 1984-1987¿
Competing Agendas and Coalition Politics: Israel and the Jordanian Option¿
Temporary Allies: The Husayn-Arafat Accord¿
The United States and Israel: Cold War Calculations¿
The Intifadä
Roots of the Intifadä
The Gaza Strip¿
Intifada: The First Two Years, December 1987-December 1989¿
The Intifada and Islamic Resistance¿
The Intifada and International Politics, 1988-1991¿
The First Gulf Crisis¿
The United States: Motives and Opportunities¿
Arab and Israeli Reactions to the Gulf Crisis¿
The Intifada, the Gulf Crisis, and the Negotiating Process¿
Diplomacy and Conflict: The Madrid Talks, October 1991-Summer 1993¿
Conclusion¿
Questions for Consideration¿
Chronology¿
DOCUMENT 9.1¿Communiqué No. 1 of the Intifada Issued by the Unified National Leadership, January 8, 1988¿
DOCUMENT 9.2¿Leaflet No. 1 of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas), January 1988¿
DOCUMENT 9.3¿Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir, Peace Initiative of the National Unity Government, May 14, 1989¿

10. ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN/ARAB NEGOTIATIONS AND AGREEMENTS, 1993-1999¿
The 1993 Oslo Accord¿
The Terms¿
Analysis of the Accord¿
East Jerusalem and the Settlements¿
The Politics and Economics of Violence¿
Economic and Diplomatic Inequalities¿
Hebron and Hamas: Prelude to Oslo 2¿
Oslo 2 and the Rabin Assassination¿
Terms of the Agreement¿
The Rabin Assassination¿
From Rabin to Netanyahu: The Peres Government and Likud's Victory, November 1995-May 1996¿
The Netanyahu Government, June 1996-July 1999¿
Reciprocity and Confrontation¿
The Hebron Agreement, January 1997¿
Palestinian Communal Tensions and Charges of Corruption¿
The Mashal Affair¿
The Wye Memorandum and the Collapse of the Netanyahu Coalition¿
Jewish Communal Strife: The Culture War Intensifies¿
Domestic and Regional Realignments, December 1998-July 1999¿
Conclusion¿
Questions for Consideration¿
Chronology¿
DOCUMENT 10.1¿The Israeli-PLO Declaration of Principles, Washington, D.C., September 13, 1993¿
DOCUMENT 10.2¿The Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement (Oslo 2) on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, September 28, 1995¿
DOCUMENT 10.3¿Yitzhak Rabin's Last Speech at Tel Aviv Peace Rally, November 4, 1995¿

11. THE OSLO PROCESS UNDONE: Camp David 2000, Palestinian Rebellion/Factionalism, and Israeli Unilateralism: Identities in Conflict, 1999-2015¿
Prelude to Camp David, July 1999-July 2000¿
The Camp David Talks: Background and Context¿
What Happened at Camp David? July 2000¿
Initial Negotiating Positions¿
Barak's Proposal and Clinton's Role¿
Conflicting Interpretations¿
Subsequent Diplomacy¿
The Clinton Parameters¿
The Taba Discussions, January 2001¿
The Second Intifada¿
The Initial Stage, September 2000-March 2001¿
The Political Context of the Intifada: Bush, Sharon, and Arafat¿
Intensified Conflict and Suicide Bombings: The Israeli Barrier¿
Iraq and the Neoconservative Vision of a U.S.-Israeli Strategic Alliance¿
Official and Unofficial Reports and Peace Efforts, 2001-2005¿
The Sharm al-Sheikh Fact-Finding (Mitchell) Committee¿
The Rose Garden Address, June 2002¿
The Road Map vs. the Rose Garden Address¿
The Aqaba Summit, June 2003¿
The Geneva Initiative, October 2003
The Israeli Disengagement Plan¿
The Disengagement Plan and Israeli Politics¿
The Palestinian Elections: Hamas, Fatah, and the Peace Process ¿
Israel, Gaza, Lebanon, and Syria: Rockets, Hostages, and Political Ambitions, 2006-2009¿
Israel, Syria, and the Gaza Assault
Fanfare and Stalemate: Obama Administration Peace Efforts, 2009-2015¿
U.S. Peace Efforts, 2009-2015
Wars and Their Motives: Gaza and Iran's Nuclear Program Between Conflict and Political Calculations ¿
Clashing Identities, Intercommunal Violence, and the Struggle for the Temple Mount/al-Haram al-Sharif
Conclusion¿
Questions for Consideration¿
Chronology¿
DOCUMENT 11.1 "You'll Miss Me Yet": Interview with Marwan Barghouti,
November 9, 2001¿
DOCUMENT 11.2 "The Urgent Thing, It Is to Unconditionally Disengage
Ourselves from the Territories": Interview with Ami Ayalon,
December 22, 2001¿
DOCUMENT 11.3 Arab Peace Plan Proposed by Saudi Arabia and Adopted
at Arab League Summit, Beirut, March 27, 2002¿
DOCUMENT 11.4 Palestinian-Israeli Polls on Possible Peace Agreements, 2013-2015
DOCUMENT 11.5 Authorized Construction Starts in the West Bank Settlements, 1996-2014
DOCUMENT 11.6 Jerusalem and the Israel-Palestinian Conflict, October 6, 2015¿

EPILOGUE¿
Glossary¿
Selected Bibliography¿
Index¿
Chronology¿

Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict

A History with Documents